Lecture : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are common yet serious infectious disease of the liver, affecting millions of people worldwide. Serious complications, such as liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma are frequently observed in the patients with chronic HBV or HCV infection. Liver resection or liver transplantation are the curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation is the only possible treatment for those who advance to end-stage liver disease. Wide use of oral antiviral agents for HBV infection is believed to be reduce the incidence of such complications in chronic HBV infected patients. The approval of direct-acting antiviral agents that may be given orally in an interferon-free regimen has greatly changed the landscape of treatment for HCV infection, especially for patients with the most severe disease, who have decompensated cirrhosis, or who are waiting for or have undergone liver transplantation. In this lecture, we present the available data on the treatment of HBV or HCV infection before and after hepatic resection or transplantation, and discuss new challenges for practice.